Successful Execution on Ketamine Clinic
Rollup Strategy and Cannabis Licensing to Accelerate Future Growth
LOS ANGELES, Dec. 05, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Irwin Naturals Inc. (CSE: IWIN) (OTC: IWINF) (FRA: 97X) (“Irwin” or the “Company”) announced the Company filed results for its third quarter of fiscal 2022, the period ended September 30, 2022 on www.sedar.com.
Sean Sand, CFO, stated, “Despite cost pressures continuing through the quarter, we were able to grow our Gross Margins by +4.8% over Q3 2021. The Gross Margin increase can be attributed to sales mix coupled with the early success of a targeted price increase across the market. In addition, we were still able to maintain positive Operating Profits despite the additions in the cost base to support the early phases of the Emergence and Licensing businesses.”
Mr. Sand continued, “Our balance remains strong, and have access to considerable working capital to fund our accelerated growth plans. To date we have closed or announced agreements to acquire entities or assets amounting to 18 clinics and anticipate several more closing as we exit 2022 and in the coming quarters. In addition, we are continuing our rollout of our licensing deals, which now sees us in six states and in Canada.”
Financial Summary
| Three months ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | September 30, | $ | % | September 30, | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Combined Statement of Profit | 2022 | 2021 | Change | Change | 2022 | 2021 | Change | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-CBD operating revenue | $ | 20,346 | $ | 20,899 | $ | (553 | ) | -2.6 | % | $ | 61,205 | $ | 66,334 | $ | (5,129 | ) | -7.7 | % | |||||||||||
| CBD operating revenue | 1,679 | 2,774 | (1,095 | ) | -39.5 | % | 5,221 | 8,067 | (2,846 | ) | -35.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Total Operating Revenue | 22,024 | 23,673 | (1,649 | ) | -7.0 | % | 66,427 | 74,401 | (7,974 | ) | -10.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross Profit | 10,603 | 10,117 | 486 | 4.8 | % | 31,208 | 33,970 | (2,762 | ) | -8.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Income from Operations | 622 | 1,232 | (610 | ) | -49.5 | % | 3,653 | 8,170 | (4,517 | ) | -55.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Net Profit / (Loss) | (583 | ) | (1,466 | ) | 883 | 60.2 | % | 1,109 | 5,226 | (4,117 | ) | -78.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| As of | As of | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statement of Financial Position | Sept 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Change | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 71,527 | 47,219 | 24,308 | 51.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 41,027 | 24,103 | 16,924 | 70.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Klee Irwin, CEO, commented, “In Q3, Irwin Naturals moved close to becoming the world’s largest chain of dedicated psychedelic mental health clinics. In addition, we are rapidly on our way to doubling our profits from last year on an annualized basis based on potential acquisitions in the psychedelic mental. The mental healthcare industry is a 1.5 trillion dollar behemoth in desperate need of a disruptive sea change. With standard treatments having an average effectiveness of approximately 17%, the drastic improvements of results from psychedelic treatments is that sea change. We currently have no meaningful competitors in our rearview mirror and intend to be the world’s first chain of clinics in this sector to exceed 100 locations.”
Financial Highlights
- The 7% decline in overall operating revenues were due largely to supply issues in the CBD segment, related to a reduction in supply at a key supplier. The decline, though still down from prior year, is recovering quarter over quarter. Production of CBD products has restarted at the Company’s manufacturer. Other factors impacting sales related to order timing and the loss of distribution of certain non-CBD mass market products.
- Income from operations in Q3 2022 came in at $0.6 million, as compared to $1.2M million for the same period in the prior year. The reduction in income was driven primarily by the aforementioned decrease in business volume and startup costs related to Emergence by Irwin Naturals (ketamine clinics) and Irwin Naturals Cannabis (intellectual property licensing to the cannabis industry).
- The overall decrease in business volume paired with startup costs related to the Company’s initiatives in cannabis and the aforementioned startup costs, resulted in a decrease in Adjusted EBITDA1 to $0.5 million.
| Three months ended | Nine months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | September 30, | $ | % | September 30, | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | Change | Change | 2022 | 2021 | Change | Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Profit | $ | (583 | ) | $ | (1,466 | ) | $ | 883 | 60.2 | % | $ | 1,109 | $ | 5,226 | $ | (4,117 | ) | -78.8 | % | ||||||||||
| Interest Expense | 181 | 34 | 147 | 432.4 | % | 541 | 91 | 450 | 494.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income Tax Expense | 1,024 | 162 | 862 | 532.1 | % | 2,003 | 351 | 1,652 | 470.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and Amortization | 468 | 353 | 115 | 32.6 | % | 1,299 | 1,061 | 238 | 22.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | 1,090 | $ | (917 | ) | $ | 2,007 | 218.9 | % | $ | 4,952 | $ | 6,729 | $ | (1,777 | ) | -26.4 | % | |||||||||||
| Foreign Exchange (Gain) / Loss | (33 | ) | – | (33 | ) | 100.0 | % | (45 | ) | – | (45 | ) | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Listing Expenses | – | 2,502 | (2,502 | ) | 0.0 | % | – | 2,502 | (2,502 | ) | 0.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Other Income | – | – | – | 100.0 | % | – | – | – | 0.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,057 | $ | 1,585 | $ | (528 | ) | -33.3 | % | $ | 4,907 | $ | 9,231 | $ | (4,324 | ) | -46.8 | % | |||||||||||
1EBITDA is a non IFRS metric that management believes provides a metric for rapid analysis of the underlying strength of the business. A reconciliation from IFRS to EBITDA is provided in the accompanying table above and at the end of this release.
- Cash provided by operating activities by Irwin were $3.6 million and $14.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease in operating cash flows is primarily due to lower operating revenue and temporary unfavourability to working capital led by the timing of payments to the Company’s primary product manufacturer couple with increased cash related to Emergence startup costs.
Operational Highlights & Subsequent Events
Irwin Naturals is executing on an aggressive expansion strategy into the high-growth cannabis and psychedelics sectors. The Company intends to leverage its household name brand status to drive an aggressive rollup of mental health clinics (the Company is focused on ketamine clinics, as this is currently the only FDA-approved and/or regulated psychedelic substance). Furthermore, the Company has begun executing on its brand licensing strategy throughout the US. To date, the Company has announced agreements to acquire entities or assets; or completed the acquisition of such entities or assets amounting to 17 clinics, as well as the signing of seven brand licensing deals that will see Irwin Naturals products enhanced with THC be offered in California, Colorado, New Mexico, Mississippi, Ohio, Michigan and Canada.
| State | Clinic Acquisitions |
| Florida | Ketamine Health Centers (5 clinics) Florida Mind Health (3 clinics) Dura Medical (1 clinic) |
| Iowa | Midwest Ketafusion |
| New Hampshire | New England Ketamine |
| Mexico | Ketamine Health Centers |
| Vermont | Preventive Medicine |
| Georgia | Invictus Clinics (2 clinics) |
| Washington | Tri-Cities Infusion |
| Idaho | Ketamine Infusions of Idaho |
| Ohio | Happier You |
| Kentucky | Serenity Health |
| State | Brand License Recipients |
| California | The Hive Laboratory, LLC |
| Colorado | Larsen Group II, LLC |
| Ohio | BeneLeaves, Ltd |
| New Mexico | Assurance Laboratories, LLC |
| Canada | Entourage Health Corp. |
| Mississippi | Mockingbird Cannabis, LLC |
| Michigan | 42 Degrees Processing, LLC |
Business highlights and subsequent events
NOV 30, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Leverages Household Brand Status in Effort to be World’s Largest Chain of Psychedelic Mental Health Clinics
NOV 09, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Looks to Add Pacific Northwest Ketamine Clinic to Its National Footprint
NOV 07, 2022 – Irwin Naturals THC Products to be Available In Mississippi Dispensaries
NOV 03, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Looks to Add to Florida Foothold in Expanding Chain of Healthcare Clinics
NOV 01, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Looks to Add to Florida Foothold, Expanding Chain of Healthcare Clinics
OCT 04, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Agrees to Add Idaho Clinic to Its National Chain of Psychedelic Mental-Health Clinics
SEP 29, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Acquiring Ketamine Media
SEP 23, 2022 – Company Announces Normal Course Issuer Bid for Subordinate Voting Shares of the Corporation
SEP 06, 2022 – Irwin Naturals Emergence to Add Ohio Ketamine Clinic
About Irwin Naturals
Irwin Naturals has been a household name and best-in-class nutraceutical company since 1994. It is now leveraging its brand into both the cannabis and psychedelic sectors. On a mission to heal the world with plant medicine, Irwin has operated profitably for over 27 years1. The growing portfolio of products is available in more than 100,000 retail doors across North America, where 80% of households know the Irwin Naturals brand2. In 2018, the Company first leveraged its brand to expand into the cannabis industry by launching hemp-based CBD products into the mass market. The Company is now leveraging its famous halo of brand trust to become, perhaps, the first household name brand to offer THC-based products. Its rapidly growing national chain of psychedelic mental health clinics is called Irwin Naturals Emergence.
For investor-related information about the Company, please visit ir.irwinnaturals.com/
To contact the Company’s Investor Relations department, please call toll-free at (800) 883-4851 or send an email to Investors@IrwinNaturals.com.
“Klee Irwin”
________________________________
Klee Irwin
Chief Executive Officer
T: 310-306-3636
investors@irwinnaturals.com
IR Information
Press Contact
Irwin Naturals Investor Relations
Cassandra Bassanetti-Drumm
T: 310-306-3636
investors@irwinnaturals.com
Regulatory Overview
The following is a brief summary of regulatory matters concerning ketamine in the United States (“US”). Under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 811) (the “CSA”), ketamine is currently a Schedule III drug as well as being listed under the associated Narcotic Control Regulations, and psilocybin is currently a Schedule I drug.
Most US States have enacted Controlled Substances Acts (“State CSAs”) which regulate the possession, use, sale, distribution, and manufacture of specified drugs or categories of drugs and establish penalties for State CSA violations and form the basis for much state and local drug laws enforcement activity. State CSAs have either adopted drug schedules identical or similar to the federal CSA schedules or, in some instances, have incorporated the federal scheduling mechanism. Among other requirements, some US States have established a prescription drug monitoring or review programs collect information about prescription and dispensing of controlled substances for the purposes of monitoring, analysis and education.
In the United States, facilities holding or administering controlled substances must be registered with the US Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA“) to perform this activity. As such, medical professionals and/or the clinics in which they operate, as applicable, are also required to have a DEA license to obtain and administer ketamine (a “DEA License“). While ketamine is a controlled substance in the United States, it is approved for general anesthetic induction under the US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Once a drug is approved for use, physicians may prescribe that drug for uses that are not described in the product’s labelling or that differ from those tested by the manufacturer and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA“). Licensed medical practitioners may prescribe ketamine legally in Canada or the United States where they believe it will be an effective treatment in their professional judgment.
Please see Irwin’s filing statement on its SEDAR profile for more information on the regulatory environment and regulations surrounding the US THC industry.
Forward-Looking Information
This news release contains certain forward-looking statements that reflect the current views and/or expectations of management of the Company with respect to performance, business and future events. Forward-looking statements can often be identified by words such as “may”, “will”, “would”, “could”, “should”, “believes”, “estimates”, “projects”, “potential”, “expects”, “plans”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “targeted”, “continues”, “forecasts”, “designed”, “goal”, or the negative of those words or other similar or comparable words. Forward-looking statements are based on the then-current expectations, beliefs, assumptions, estimates and forecasts about the business and the industry and markets in which the Company operates. The Company does not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions for updating any voluntary forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable securities law.
Neither the CSE nor its Market Regulator (as that term is defined in policies of the CSE) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
SOURCE: Irwin Naturals Inc.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA – Reconciliation
The Company defines EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as per the table below. It should be noted that these performance measures are not defined under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures used by other entities. The Company believes that these measures are useful financial metrics as they assist in determining the ability to generate cash from operations. Investors should be cautioned that EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an alternative to net earnings or cash flows as determined under IFRS. The reconciling items between net earnings, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA are as follows:
| Three months ended | Nine months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | September 30, | $ | % | September 30, | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | Change | Change | 2022 | 2021 | Change | Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Profit | $ | (583 | ) | $ | (1,466 | ) | $ | 883 | 60.2 | % | $ | 1,109 | $ | 5,226 | $ | (4,117 | ) | -78.8 | % | ||||||||||
| Interest Expense | 181 | 34 | 147 | 432.4 | % | 541 | 91 | 450 | 494.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income Tax Expense | 1,024 | 162 | 862 | 532.1 | % | 2,003 | 351 | 1,652 | 470.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and Amortization | 468 | 353 | 115 | 32.6 | % | 1,299 | 1,061 | 238 | 22.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | $ | 1,090 | $ | (917 | ) | $ | 2,007 | 218.9 | % | $ | 4,952 | $ | 6,729 | $ | (1,777 | ) | -26.4 | % | |||||||||||
| Foreign Exchange (Gain) / Loss | (33 | ) | – | (33 | ) | 100.0 | % | (45 | ) | – | (45 | ) | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Listing Expenses | – | 2,502 | (2,502 | ) | 0.0 | % | – | 2,502 | (2,502 | ) | 0.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Other Income | – | – | – | 100.0 | % | – | – | – | 0.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,057 | $ | 1,585 | $ | (528 | ) | -33.3 | % | $ | 4,907 | $ | 9,231 | $ | (4,324 | ) | -46.8 | % | |||||||||||
Irwin Naturals Unaudited Condensed Combined Consolidated Interim Statements of Financial Position
| September 30, | December 31, | |||||||||
| Notes | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||||
| Current Assets: | ||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 1,205 | $ | 625 | ||||||
| Other Financial Assets | – | 1 | ||||||||
| Trade Receivables | 15 | 14,236 | 16,394 | |||||||
| Inventory | 6 | 23,547 | 18,652 | |||||||
| Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets | 5 | 2,182 | 1,469 | |||||||
| Total Current Assets | 41,170 | 37,141 | ||||||||
| Non-Current Assets: | ||||||||||
| Property and Equipment | 7 | 247 | 190 | |||||||
| Right-of-Use Assets | 9 | 4,200 | 3,722 | |||||||
| Notes Receivable from IN Nevada Shareholders | 18 | 5,349 | 3,264 | |||||||
| Goodwill | 4 | 18,154 | – | |||||||
| Intangible Assets | 11 | 87 | 87 | |||||||
| Other Non-Current Assets | 255 | 165 | ||||||||
| Deferred Tax Asset | 20 | 2,065 | 2,650 | |||||||
| Total Non-Current Assets | 30,357 | 10,078 | ||||||||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 71,527 | $ | 47,219 | ||||||
| LIABILITIES | ||||||||||
| Current Liabilities: | ||||||||||
| Trade and Other Payables | 10 | $ | 15,767 | $ | 13,310 | |||||
| Reserve for Returns | 491 | 814 | ||||||||
| Lease Liability – Current | 9 | 2,110 | 1,366 | |||||||
| Line of Credit | 8 | 10,209 | 6,178 | |||||||
| Total Current Liabilities | 28,577 | 21,668 | ||||||||
| Non-Current Liabilities: | ||||||||||
| Lease Liability – Non Current | 9 | 2,182 | 2,434 | |||||||
| Note Payable – Non Current | 14 | 489 | – | |||||||
| Contingent Consideration | 4 | 8,908 | – | |||||||
| Deferred Tax Liability | 20 | 871 | 1 | |||||||
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 12,450 | 2,435 | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES | $ | 41,027 | $ | 24,103 | ||||||
| EQUITY | ||||||||||
| Subordinate Voting Shares | 12 | 3,689 | 3,000 | |||||||
| Proportionate Voting Shares | 12 | 5,610 | – | |||||||
| Multiple Voting Shares | 12 | 59 | 59 | |||||||
| Class B Non Voting Shares | 12 | 13,750 | 13,750 | |||||||
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | (33 | ) | (11 | ) | ||||||
| Retained Earnings | 855 | 189 | ||||||||
| Total Controlling Interest | 23,930 | 16,987 | ||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interest of IN Nevada | 19 | 6,570 | 6,129 | |||||||
| Total Equity | 30,500 | 23,116 | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES & EQUITY | $ | 71,527 | $ | 47,219 | ||||||
Irwin Naturals Unaudited Condensed Combined Consolidated Interim Statements of Profit and Comprehensive Income
| For the Three Months Ended | For the Nine Months Ended | |||||||||||||||
| September 30, | September 30, | September 30, | September 30, | |||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Operating Revenue | $ | 22,024 | $ | 23,673 | $ | 66,427 | $ | 74,401 | ||||||||
| Cost of Sales | (11,421 | ) | (13,556 | ) | (35,219 | ) | (40,431 | ) | ||||||||
| Gross Profit | 10,603 | 10,117 | 31,208 | 33,970 | ||||||||||||
| Operating Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Selling, General and Administrative Expenses | 9,981 | 8,885 | 27,555 | 25,800 | ||||||||||||
| Income from Operations | 622 | 1,232 | 3,653 | 8,170 | ||||||||||||
| Other Expense: | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest Expense | (181 | ) | (34 | ) | (541 | ) | (91 | ) | ||||||||
| Listing Expense | – | (2,502 | ) | – | (2,502 | ) | ||||||||||
| Total Other Income / (Expense) | (181 | ) | (2,536 | ) | (541 | ) | (2,593 | ) | ||||||||
| Profit / (Loss) before Income Taxes | 441 | (1,304 | ) | 3,112 | 5,577 | |||||||||||
| Income Tax Expense (Note 20) | (1,024 | ) | (162 | ) | (2,003 | ) | (351 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Profit / (Loss) | (583 | ) | (1,466 | ) | 1,109 | 5,226 | ||||||||||
| Less: Net Profit / (Loss) Attributable to | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interest of IN Nevada | (90 | ) | (142 | ) | (441 | ) | – | |||||||||
| Net Profit / (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interest | $ | (673 | ) | $ | (1,608 | ) | $ | 668 | $ | 5,226 | ||||||
| Foreign Currency Translation Differences | (33 | ) | 39 | (45 | ) | 39 | ||||||||||
| Total Comprehensive Income / (Loss) | (616 | ) | (1,427 | ) | 1,064 | 5,265 | ||||||||||
| Less: Comprehensive Income / (Loss) Attributable to | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-Controlling Interest of IN Nevada | (90 | ) | (142 | ) | (441 | ) | 611 | |||||||||
| Comprehensive Income / (Loss) Attributable to Controlling Interest | $ | (706 | ) | $ | (1,569 | ) | $ | 623 | $ | 5,876 | ||||||
| Earnings per share – basic | $ | (0.39 | ) | $ | (1.22 | ) | $ | 0.73 | $ | 4.35 | ||||||
| Earnings per share – diluted | $ | (0.00 | ) | $ | (0.00 | ) | $ | 0.00 | $ | 0.02 | ||||||
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding – basic | 1,509,516 | 1,200,001 | 1,509,547 | 1,200,001 | ||||||||||||
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding – diluted | 323,529,359 | 312,218,241 | 322,483,202 | 312,218,241 | ||||||||||||
Irwin Naturals Unaudited Condensed Combined Consolidated Interim Statements of Cash Flows
| For the Nine Months Ended | ||||||||
| September 30, | September 30, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||
| Net Profit | $ | 1,109 | $ | 5,265 | ||||
| Adjustments to Reconcile Net Profit to Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities: | ||||||||
| Depreciation and Amortization | 2,230 | 1,061 | ||||||
| Change in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | 11 | 97 | ||||||
| Change in Inventory Reserve | (3,766 | ) | – | |||||
| Deferred Tax Asset | 585 | – | ||||||
| Non-Cash Share Capital from Share-Based Payment Transaction | – | 3,012 | ||||||
| Non-Cash Share Capital from Acquisitions | (689 | ) | – | |||||
| Interest Income | – | – | ||||||
| Interest Expense | 499 | 92 | ||||||
| Income Taxes Expense | 1,424 | 351 | ||||||
| Changes in Working Capital: | ||||||||
| Trade Receivables | 981 | 3,526 | ||||||
| Inventory | (1,130 | ) | (1,731 | ) | ||||
| Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets | (713 | ) | 615 | |||||
| Trade and Other Payables | 3,475 | 2,320 | ||||||
| Reserve for Returns | (323 | ) | (7 | ) | ||||
| Changes in Other Non-Current Assets | (90 | ) | (29 | ) | ||||
| Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 3,603 | 14,572 | ||||||
| Cash Flow from Investing Activities: | ||||||||
| Purchase of Investments | – | (1 | ) | |||||
| Purchase of Property and Equipment | (142 | ) | (47 | ) | ||||
| Contingent Consideration | 8,908 | – | ||||||
| Goodwill | (18,154 | ) | – | |||||
| Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (9,388 | ) | (48 | ) | ||||
| Cash Flow from Financing Activities: | ||||||||
| Proceeds from Line of Credit | 686 | 18,614 | ||||||
| Payments on Line of Credit | 6,863 | (23,924 | ) | |||||
| Notes Receivable from Related Parties | (2,085 | ) | – | |||||
| Distributions to Shareholders | – | (8,021 | ) | |||||
| Payments on Lease Liability | 955 | (991 | ) | |||||
| Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | 6,419 | (14,322 | ) | |||||
| Effect of Foreign Exchange on Cash | (54 | ) | – | |||||
| Net Increase in Cash | 580 | 202 | ||||||
| Cash at Beginning of the Period | 625 | 442 | ||||||
| Cash at End of the Period | $ | 1,205 | $ | 644 | ||||
_____________________
1 Under several corporate structures, Klee Irwin has operated the Irwin brand profitably since 1994, as measured by EBITDA adjusted for extraordinary costs.
2 Based on a Company survey with a sample size of 500 randomly selected adults.
